surgery

Surgery has been practiced for thousands of years. The oldest records of surgical procedures are found in the Sushruta Samhita and Charaka Samhita, two texts from ancient India. The first known physician to perform surgeries was Sushruta, who lived in around 600BC. The Sushruta Samhita describes over 120 surgical procedures, including rhinoplasty, the repair of torn ear lobes, perineal lithotomy, cataract surgery, and several other excisions and other surgeries. The first step in a typical surgical operation is a consultation between the surgeon and patient during which they discuss what procedure will be done, its risks and benefits, any alternative treatments and their risks and benefits, and the patient's goals for the procedure. This is an opportunity for the patient to ask questions about the operation. After this step the patient will sign a consent form indicating that they understand the risks of surgery. Surgical operations are typically categorized as either invasive or minimally invasive and may be categorized as elective or emergency. Some surgeries can be considered both elective and emergency; for example surgery to remove a malignant tumor can be elective (i.e., scheduled at the convenience of doctor and patient) if it is

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